High in the Himalayas—the “roof of the world”—Tibetan Buddhists live closer to the sky than perhaps anyone else. Though they feel small before the towering mountains, their hearts long for heaven to hear their cries. Wherever their feet have tread—from their doorstep to the edge of a cliff—wind horse flags flutter in the air.

Wind horse flags (lungta or prayer flags) trace their roots to Tibetan beliefs in mountain deities. According to legend, these deities ride wind horses—swift and invisible—across the highlands. Tibetans craft five-colored cloth flags printed with images of horses or Buddhas, inscribed with mantras and prayers, hoping the wind horses will carry their wishes straight to the heavens.

Buddhism gives the prayer flags a deeper meaning: when the wind blows across the printed prayers, it is believed that all people, animals, and even the land touched by the wind will receive blessings from Buddhist teachings—and may even begin their journey toward spiritual awakening.

In the new year, instead of pasting Spring Festival couplets like the Han Chinese, Tibetan families climb onto their rooftops to replace old wind horse flags with new ones. In this ritual of renewal, they toss tsampa (roasted barley flour) into the air and shout, “Tashi Delek!” (Wishing you good fortune and happiness).

Editor’s note: The three main centers for prayer flag woodblock carving are located in Nyêmo County, Shigatse, and Dêgê County in Sichuan. Derge Parkhang in particular is known for its expert team of carvers.

Prayer

Father, You are the God who hears prayer! May the Tibetan people no longer rely on wind horse flags to send their wishes to the heavens, but instead come to You through Christ in prayer—because Christ, through His sacrifice on the cross, has opened the way to Your throne of grace. May Tibetans call on You in Jesus’ name and experience Your response, for You have promised that everyone who calls on You, You will answer. (Ps 91:15) Grant believers wisdom and creativity to integrate art, Scripture, and imagery into gospel “prayer flags” that share the message of salvation and peace with Tibetan Buddhists. May those who carve and raise wind horse flags encounter the Bible, and may the Holy Spirit etch God’s Word on their hearts. We also pray for gospel workers to have the opportunity to lead Tibetan families in offering You praise during the New Year and receiving Your abundant promises. In the name of our Lord Jesus Christ we pray, Amen.

Uncle Zaxi walks alone along the Sichuan-Tibet Highway, making repeated prostrations—kneeling, bowing, and touching the ground as he steadily moves westward. He began his journey in Yushu, Qinghai, and still has three months to go before reaching Lhasa. For passing motorcyclists, however, it’s only a two- or three-day trip ahead.

“Uncle, how long have you been away from home?” The innocent face breaks into a smile: “Eight months.” It’s hard to imagine how he made that trek last winter, slowly prostrating step by step on icy roads. His clothes are torn and dusty, but his smile is strikingly pure.

In many Tibetan Buddhist regions, people endure great hardships and deeply long for liberation in their next life. They persistently prostrate themselves on rocky ground amid cold winds, steadily making their way toward the sacred places they hold dear. At the same time, they faithfully spin prayer wheels and continue their spiritual practices, hoping to accumulate merit that will cleanse their lifetime of sins and free them from the suffering of the cycle of rebirth.

But the Creator of heaven and earth watches them passing by, longing to hold these dusty souls close and say, “Child, I have prepared eternal salvation for you.”

Prayer

Heavenly Father, holy, just, and merciful, you know our weakness—by our own strength, we can never reach perfect righteousness. No matter how many times we kneel or how long we labor in hardship, our sins remain as scarlet. Yet you have prepared grace—pardoning and eternal life—for us! We ask that you send messengers to bring this good news to Tibetan Buddhists, that they may be moved by the perfect atonement offered through your beloved Son Jesus. May they come to faith and be justified by grace, rising to seek you without fear of their final destination, for Christ has prepared a place for them. May they find rest in the assurance of salvation, spend their lives filled with the Holy Spirit and your Word, preparing to stand before the glorious Lord, and receive the surpassing joy that conquers all suffering through Christ’s abundant love. In Jesus’ name, Amen.

In modern times, health preservation is popular, but Tibetan Buddhists place even greater emphasis on preparing for death. Their entire spiritual practice is focused on readying themselves for the end of life.

A doctoral student from National Taiwan University spoke at length about the visions people are said to encounter at the moment of death, and how to respond to them: “When the 58 wrathful deities appear, don’t be afraid—panic could cause you to fall into an undesirable rebirth. That’s why you should regularly look at images of these deities and learn to recognize their ritual objects and features…” These ideas come from The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying and the ancient Bardo Thodol (commonly known as The Tibetan Book of the Dead), which are meant to guide people in navigating the afterlife.

Tibetan Buddhism holds a unique concept of Bardo—the transitional state after death while awaiting rebirth. They believe that by being familiar with Buddhist teachings and meditation practices during life, one can better face the Bardo. They also practice a method called “consciousness transference” (see p.50), aiming to find a chance to break free from the cycle of rebirth during this transitional period.

Tibetan Buddhists not only seek to face death calmly but also desperately want to escape the cycle of rebirth. To them, this cycle is a prison unbroken even by death itself, trapping them again in the next life.

Prayer

Heavenly Father, we call upon your mercy. By the power of the gospel, remove the fear brought by the belief in reincarnation, and let Tibetan Buddhists see the hope of eternal life. May they understand that what awaits at the end of life is not endless rebirth, but you—the righteous and loving God who rules over all time and space. You desire all people to be saved and have given your Son, Jesus, to bring people into the eternal life you promise. This is the true path for Buddhists to escape the cycle of rebirth. Prepare devoted and wise Christians to bring insight and truth to seekers in philosophy, life-and-death studies, and through films and books. Grant believers wisdom for end-of-life care. May the Holy Spirit be present with hospital chaplains, Christian patients, and visitation teams, bringing warmth, comfort, and the saving gospel to those in need. In Jesus Christ’s name we pray, Amen.

Thangka paintings (sacred images painted on fabric scrolls) and ritual instruments are central visual elements in Tibetan Buddhism. Widely used in ceremonies and offerings, they are rich in symbolic meaning. By looking at four common ritual items and the Eight Auspicious Symbols, we can better understand the inner spiritual aspirations of Tibetan Buddhists—and consider how the gospel speaks to those longings.

Bell: Often used during chanting and ritual music, the bell is believed to awaken one’s spiritual awareness and inspire steady spiritual discipline.

Vajra (Ritual Scepter): Symbolizes indestructible wisdom, capable of breaking through spiritual obstacles and cutting off worldly attachments.

Drum: Represents the heart of the Buddha; its sound is meant to resonate with the hearts of people.

Offering Mandala Plate: A round altar tray symbolizing the universe, often filled with jewels or grains to offer and quickly accumulate merit.

Spiritual Armor

Pray that every missionary and believer serving among Tibetan Buddhists would be clothed in the six pieces of spiritual armor God has given:

• The Belt of Truth
• The Breastplate of Righteousness
• The Shoes of the Gospel of Peace
• The Shield of Faith
• The Helmet of Salvation
• The Sword of the Spirit

Blessings of the Tabernacle

The Tabernacle points to Christ (John 1:51; 2:19–22). We pray that Tibetan Buddhists will one day come before Jesus and receive the blessings He offers:

• Bronze Altar – Christ’s atoning sacrifice
• Laver (Wash Basin) – The cleansing power of Christ’s blood
• Showbread – Christ as the Bread of Life
• Golden Lampstand – Christ as the true Light of the World
• Altar of Incense – The prayers of the saints rising like sweet incense to God
• Ark of the Covenant – God’s Word and His faithful provision
• Mercy Seat – The throne of grace where God gives mercy and help

In the 7th century, two princesses—one from Nepal and the other from China’s flourishing Tang dynasty—were married into Tibet for diplomatic alliance. They persuaded King Songtsen Gampo to embrace Buddhism. The new faith entered Tibet with a strong start, but its progress remained unsteady to the entrenched presence of the native Bön religion. It wasn’t until two Indian monks arrived, each contributing in different ways, that Buddhism gained the upper hand and overcame the influence of Bön shamanism.

One of them, Śāntarakṣita, a scholar from India, spent 15 years in Tibet and laid the theoretical foundations of Buddhism. But when natural disasters and unrest struck, and the king sought supernatural help, Śāntarakṣita recommended inviting Padmasambhava. Padmasambhava and his disciples were known for their spiritual powers. For ordinary Tibetans, the deep philosophical teachings of Buddhism were difficult to grasp—but Padmasambhava introduced the mantras and rituals of Vajrayāna (Tantric Buddhism), which immediately resonated with the Tibetan people.

Vajrayāna became the defining feature of Tibetan Buddhism and even blended with elements of Bön. Due to widespread illiteracy among Tibetans, Tibetan Buddhism developed vivid and tangible forms of practice: colorful thangka paintings, richly symbolic ritual objects, and intricate hand mudras. Prayer wheels—spinning drums filled with sacred texts—became a way for illiterate believers to "recite" scriptures by simply turning them. Through visual imagery, bodily actions, and elaborate rituals, Buddhism became deeply woven into everyday Tibetan life.

Prayer

Heavenly Father, we pray that You would raise up gospel messengers gifted in many ways—those strong in theological teaching and those gifted for dynamic, Spirit-enabled ministry—to serve together in unity. May they reach Tibetan hearts through different means, meeting their deep longing for truth and the work of the Spirit. You know how highly Tibetan culture values ritual. Grant missionaries gospel creativity—to design truth-filled celebrations, use table fellowship with light and bread to reflect Christ’s character, and fill everyday life with stories and parables of the gospel. Guide mission teams to craft gospel expressions that stay true to Your Word and connect deeply with Tibetan culture through local forms of Christian art and worship. In the name of our Lord Jesus Christ we pray, Amen.

Across the vast Mongolian steppe, strong winds carry the scent of smoke from shamanic offerings. For generations, nomadic peoples have bowed to the Eternal Blue Sky (Tengri), ritually sprinkling fermented mare’s milk on the ground. But during his military campaigns, Kublai Khan encountered Tibetan Buddhism—and found in it a spiritual power greater than any sword, one capable of taming even the fierce warriors of the snowy plateau. He grew to admire the Tibetan monk Phagpa and appointed him Imperial Preceptor, placing him in charge of religious affairs in both Tibet and the empire.

Buddhism spread widely across the steppe, but it was often shaped and used by those in power. Rulers turned religious authority into a political tool—declaring Altan Khan to be the reincarnation of Kublai Khan and ensuring that incarnate lamas were born into noble families. While emperors used Buddhism like pieces on a chessboard, ordinary people followed it with sincere devotion. In the nomads’ ever-shifting world of pasture and water, monasteries stood as the only permanent landmarks, drawing merchants and craftsmen to settle around them.

In modern times, Mongolian Buddhism was devastated under Soviet and Chinese communist rule. After the collapse of the USSR, Gandan Monastery in Ulaanbaatar led efforts to revive the faith. Today, half of Outer Mongolia’s population identifies as Buddhist. Yet in both Inner and Outer Mongolia—despite their mineral wealth—decades of resource extraction have degraded the grazing lands. The profits remain concentrated in the hands of political and business elites, while the people have not shared in the prosperity.

Prayer

Heavenly Father, Creator of all, You stretched out the vast grasslands and provided green pastures for the herds. As Mongolian herders now face worsening climate and environmental challenges, may they experience Your abundant grace and provision—for both their families and their flocks. Lead them to know You as the Good Shepherd, and to declare with joy, “The Lord is my shepherd; I lack nothing.” May their grain, milk, and wine be offered in praise to You, Jehovah Roi. Many Mongols have laid aside their saddles to seek survival in the city. Equip these once-nomadic hands with new skills. Help families adjust to urban life and find firm footing in unfamiliar places. Stir the hearts of leaders in politics and business—not to seek personal gain alone, but to pursue a greater vision for the common good, where the economy, society, and environment can thrive together. Guide them to reform mining practices, ensure fair wages for workers, and invest in rebuilding a just and flourishing society. In Jesus’ name we pray, Amen.

Where is the birthplace of the Buddha? Nepal and India have long debated this question, with Nepal firmly claiming it is Lumbini. This sacred site draws countless pilgrims and plays a key role in the nation's economy. Yet today, only about 10% of Nepal’s population practices Theravāda or Tibetan Buddhism. Historically, Nepal was the world’s only Hindu kingdom until it abolished its state religion in 2006.

"Ha! Ha! Ha!"—sharp cries and powerful punches break the silence of a Himalayan morning. This isn’t a kung fu movie scene, but a real-life group of "Kung Fu Nuns" in training.

Lhamo vividly remembers being 16 when a group of nuns first arrived in her village on bicycles, raising awareness about women’s dignity and how to protect against human trafficking. In her world, no one had ever affirmed the value of women. Drawn in by this unexpected message, she made the bold decision to become a nun.

Nepali women face serious challenges: one in five has suffered domestic abuse, and human trafficking remains widespread. Even within Buddhism—the country’s second-largest religion—some traditions claim that women must be reborn as men to reach enlightenment. As the head of the Drukpa lineage, Gyalwang Drukpa has played a pivotal role in empowering the Kung Fu Nuns and promoting gender equality. He brought in instructors to train the nuns in martial arts, meditation, and self-defense.

During the earthquake and COVID-19 pandemic, these warrior nuns carried supplies on their shoulders into dangerous mountain regions to provide relief. Their bravery shattered stereotypes—showing that women are not weak, but a powerful force for good. Their courage and transformation have inspired a growing number of young women to follow in their footsteps.

Prayer

Heavenly Father, You created both Eve and Adam to steward the earth together. You raised up Miriam and Anna as prophets, and used Deborah as a judge to bring peace to Your people. In the New Testament, many women followed Christ wholeheartedly and served with bold, vibrant faith. Lord, we pray that Christians in Nepal would help women discover these powerful examples from Scripture. Through the gospel, may they come to know how deeply they are loved by You and how priceless they are in Your sight—created to bless both their homes and society with the gifts You’ve placed within them. We ask for Your Spirit to renew Nepal. May women be honored, may husbands love their wives well, and may the government take effective action to end human trafficking. Bless the work of social enterprises and local organizations. May they bring transformation to agriculture, grow sustainable industries, offer vocational training, and create jobs—so that the Nepali people no longer need to leave their homeland in search of a better life. In Jesus’ name we pray, Amen.

A group of Tibetans, led by a prominent spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism, settled in Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh, India. They sought India’s permission to establish Tibetan schools to preserve their culture and language. They also broke new ground by founding the female Geshe degree (a Buddhist doctorate). Tibetan Buddhist communities can also be found in India’s Sikkim and Ladakh regions.

Hadn't Buddhism declined in India? Yes—but in 1959, it returned to Dharamsala. A 24-year-old young man rode across the high mountain passes of the India-China border on the back of a cow, accompanied by fellow Tibetans caring for the elderly and children, worn out from their journey. Once escorted by golden palanquins and ceremonial guards, he now traveled in obscurity—known only to his followers as the “Sun of the Snowy Land,” the spiritual leader of the Tibetan people.

From the 4,000-meter-high plateau to the tropical lowlands, many exiled Tibetans collapsed under the punishing heat as they cleared land. To survive, they climbed into the mountains to help build what was then the highest and most treacherous highway for the Indian government. Mothers gave birth in roadside shelters and returned to work less than ten days later, breaking apart hard stones with their bare hands.

When they hurriedly left Lhasa, the cows were still hungry, and the tea on the firewood heap was still steaming. People thought they would return home soon, but days turned into more than sixty years—and the young grew old while still waiting.The second and third generations of exiled Tibetans have never seen the homeland their parents described, but they still dream of its beauty and are determined to see it for themselves one day.

Prayer

Heavenly Father, more than sixty years ago, a group of Tibetans paved the way—through hardship and sacrifice—to give future generations a place to stand. May both they and their descendants come to see that Christ shed His blood and gave His life to prepare for them an eternal home and a place in Your kingdom. Raise them up to be messengers of this good news, leading their people toward Your kingdom. We praise You for Dharamsala—a center of Tibetan Buddhism, yet an open gateway. Each year, Buddhists, volunteers, and travelers come seeking answers for their souls. Open hidden pathways for the gospel, and provide natural opportunities for Christians to share their faith and bear witness to You in this place. May young Tibetans find strength in Your love, break free from confusion about their identity, and rise up to soar with You. In Jesus’ name we pray, Amen.

Though underdeveloped, Bhutan has long and confidently declared to the world: “Pursuing happiness is more important than GDP.” If you think happiness is just a slogan, think again—Bhutan’s understanding of happiness is anything but abstract!

To the Bhutanese, happiness has nothing to do with wealth, technological advancement, comfort, or even life satisfaction. Instead, it is a state of mind that requires intentional cultivation—a practice of “mindfulness” as taught in Buddhism, or the pursuit of pure and disciplined thoughts. Bhutan discourages materialism, holding fast to the Four Noble Truths, which teach that human suffering and entrapment in the cycle of rebirth come from desire, attachment, and anxiety.

Bhutan also strictly forbids reckless logging^*, and citizens are taught to plant trees from an early age. The government controls the number of foreign tourists through high-cost travel policies to protect the environment.These national policies are rooted in Buddhist principles of harmony and interdependence among all living beings.

The world may admire Bhutan for its “philosophy of happiness” and “advanced environmental consciousness,” but these are no mere marketing slogans—they are the fruit of deeply embedded Buddhist principles. With this strong spiritual foundation, Bhutan resists the currents of modern global culture and aspires to remain the world’s last Shangri-La.

*Bhutan’s law mandates that forest coverage must not fall below 60%.

Editor’s note: In recent years, the reach of the internet has begun to reshape how young Bhutanese view happiness. The government has acknowledged economic missteps and is beginning to consider more economic issues. For further insight, see the July 11–31 readings in this prayer guide.

Prayer

Heavenly Father, may true happiness for the people of Bhutan come not from the empty stillness of nirvana, but from the joy of knowing You and walking with the Most High God. You call us Your children and friends, and You’ve given us love and promises that not even death or hardship can take away. Holy Spirit, pour out Your grace like rain. Let the Bhutanese experience the love of God and taste the sweetness of life in Christ. May they come to proclaim a new vision of happiness—one rooted in the gospel. Help them recognize the emptiness and longing in their hearts as a thirst that only You can satisfy. Through the love of Christ and the indwelling of Your Spirit, may they find strength to rise above attachment, self, and worldly desire. We bless the nation of Bhutan to walk a path of return to the Lord, set apart for Your purposes. In Jesus’ name we pray, Amen.

On the southern Russian steppe lies a unique Buddhist enclave—home to the largest Tibetan Buddhist temple in Europe and the Asian-faced Kalmyk people. Long ago, scouts reported that the lower Volga River had abundant water and pasture, so the Mongol ancestors of the Kalmyks rode out from Dzungaria in search of a new home. But their descendants would later suffer under the oppression of the Russian Empire. Some risked their lives to return to their homeland; those who stayed became known as the Kalmyks, meaning “those who remained.”

They endured the upheaval of Communism and exile to Siberia, yet managed to preserve both their Buddhist faith and native language. Today, in Russia’s Republic of Kalmykia, they have a measure of autonomy and are working to revive their cultural heritage—rebuilding temples and sending monks to study in Tibet and Dharamsala.

But a new crisis is looming: climate change. In high-latitude Russia, temperatures are rising faster than the global average. Desertification is consuming Kalmykia’s land, threatening agriculture and livestock. Herders must now store extra feed and graze their animals at dawn or dusk. Scientists in the republic are developing special seeds to improve the soil and planting shrubs to stop the advance of sand dunes.

Prayer

Heavenly Father, history tells of the hardships the Kalmyk people have endured and their bold journeys across the steppe. May they also grow in openness and longing for Your promises and Your kingdom, drawn to the true spiritual homeland—a land flowing with milk and honey. As monks travel abroad to seek wisdom, may they encounter messengers You have placed along their path. Captivate their hearts and minds, Lord, and lead them to follow You with undivided devotion. Kalmykia now faces the growing threat of desertification. We ask You to send the rain they need to nourish their land, and to pour out the rain of Your grace to renew their spirits. Fulfill Your promise: “The desert will become a pool of water, and the parched land springs of water.” Guide the scientists working to develop plants that can resist desertification and adapt to a changing climate. May their efforts bring breakthrough and hope not only to Kalmykia but also to other nations facing the same challenges. In Jesus’ name we pray, Amen.

What is true happiness? While the world chases after economic growth and measures success with the GDP, Bhutan took a different path by proposing the concept of Gross National Happiness (GNH).

Inspired by Bhutan’s GNH model, the University of Oxford’s Centre for Bhutan Studies helped launch the World Happiness Report. In recent years, Bhutan hasn’t appeared in the rankings due to technical limitations, but in its last appearance in 2019, it ranked 95th out of 156 countries—not at the bottom, but far from the idyllic image many outsiders might expect.

Bhutan has had to admit the reality faced by its people: low productivity, limited skills, low income, high unemployment, material shortages, and widespread poverty. Exposure to foreign material comforts and the constant pull of the internet have begun to reshape how Bhutanese people understand happiness.

Some scholars point out that the core values behind each pillar of GNH are heavily influenced by Buddhist teachings, positioning Buddhism as the philosophical foundation of the Bhutanese state. In Bhutan, happiness is deeply intertwined with religious belief.

In an interview, one Rinpoche (a title of respect for high-ranking Buddhist monks) emphasized: “We don’t need to look for happiness outside of ourselves. From my perspective, anyone, at any time and in any place, can easily embrace the four pillars of true happiness: loving-kindness, compassion, non-attachment, and karma.”

Prayer

Heavenly Father, the rapid changes of the world and the values of so-called “progress” are challenging the Bhutanese understanding of happiness. As they search for answers, draw them to the “blessed life” that Jesus spoke of (Matt. 5:1–2). Help them realize that true happiness is not found in fleeting prosperity or advancement, but in “hearing and obeying the word of God” (Luke 11:28). For this world and its desires will pass away, but the one who does the will of God lives forever.

You, Lord, created the earth and know best the needs of Bhutan’s land and people. Lead the nation’s development so that its leaders and citizens build and govern according to Your will. Help them discover Bhutan’s true strengths, so that its people may thrive in peace—and so that Bhutan may become a blessed nation that walks with You. In Jesus’ name we pray, Amen.

Wiener, a man from the UK, seemed to have everything going well in life. One day, he experienced a panic attack—shortness of breath, dizziness, and numbness in his hands and feet. At first, he feared he was having a heart attack or losing his mind. While visiting Bhutan’s capital, Thimphu, he confided in a local about his condition. The Bhutanese man told him to spend five minutes each day thinking about death. “This practice will heal you,” he said.

Bhutanese people believe that thinking about death five times a day brings happiness. They see death as a doorway—once opened, it leads to a new life. To them, the fear of death arises from clinging and attachment. So daily meditation on death is a way to release that attachment, to accept death as a natural part of life, and to prepare for the moment when we are no longer in this world.

In Bhutan, death is not taboo. Buddhist imagery depicts death with vivid, even frightening illustrations. Inspired by The Tibetan Book of the Dead, the Raksha Marcham masked dance teaches how one’s deeds—good or bad—affect the outcome of the next life. Death also brings the community together: when someone dies, the entire village mourns and honors them for 49 days, guiding the soul toward rebirth.

And yet, the Bhutanese do not know that the righteous who die in the Lord will be raised again. They do not believe there is judgment after death. They have not met the Giver of Life.

Prayer

Heavenly Father, we call on Your Spirit of truth to guide the people of Bhutan to encounter Your Word. May they come to understand that sin entered the world through Adam, and death is the consequence of sin. As Your Word says, it is appointed for people to die once, and after that comes judgment (Hebrews 9:27). Yet in Your great mercy, You sent Your only Son, Jesus, to bear the punishment for our sins so that none should perish but have eternal life. Lord, renew their understanding of life and death through Your truth. Help them see that death is not a gateway to reincarnation or another life in the cycle of suffering, but that those who belong to You will rise again and be caught up to live with You forever (1 Thessalonians 4:16–17). We ask You to send gospel messengers to Bhutan so that they may know that Christ saves both soul and body from the grip of sin and death. Draw their eyes away from the shadow of reincarnation and toward the radiant light of the risen Savior. In Jesus’ name we pray, Amen.

In the 7th century AD, the 33rd Tibetan king, Songtsen Gampo, came under the influence of his wives—Princess Bhrikuti of Nepal and Princess Wencheng of China’s Tang Dynasty—and began to embrace Buddhism. To promote the faith, he commissioned the construction of 108 monasteries across the Himalayas. Among them, Kyichu Lhakhang and Jambay Lhakhang still stand today, marking the early spread of Buddhism into Bhutan. In the 8th century, Padmasambhava—venerated as the “Second Buddha”—arrived in Bhutan, where he played a key role in firmly establishing Buddhism and helping it flourish across the region.

Bhutanese believe that in the year 747, Padmasambhava flew over the Himalayas from Tibet on the back of a tigress and meditated for three months in a cave on a cliff in the Paro Valley. That cave is now the famed Tiger’s Nest Monastery, a sacred pilgrimage site for Bhutanese Buddhists.

When Buddhist saints preached in Bhutan long ago, they left behind not only teachings but also vivid legends of casting out demons and spirits. These tales became deeply embedded in the Bhutanese consciousness and were passed down through generations. They are now woven into the fabric of Bhutanese life—shaping literature, culture, customs, history, interethnic relations, and worldview.

Today, lamas hold significant influence across many areas of Bhutanese society. In rural towns and villages, prayer wheels can be seen by the hundreds, and colorful prayer flags and wind-horses flutter across the skies. Travel agencies around the world now offer spiritual retreats and pilgrimages to Bhutan’s Buddhist holy sites, drawing foreign tourists in search of worship and meditation—while also providing a source of income for the Bhutanese people.

Prayer

Heavenly Father, for generations the Bhutanese have followed the faith and legends passed down from their ancestors, continually searching for answers to life’s deepest questions. Through rituals and spiritual disciplines, they seek to escape the cycle of karma and reincarnation—yet their eternal destiny remains uncertain. We ask for Your mercy on this people, so deeply rooted in tradition and often slow to change. Reveal to them the hope and assurance found in Your salvation. May the Holy Spirit move powerfully throughout Bhutan, stirring hearts to turn toward You. We bless the mission teams serving there. Grant them wisdom and love as they engage with Bhutanese culture—help them to use familiar art forms and traditional expressions to create worship music and faith-based content that speaks to the Bhutanese heart. May gospel truth take root in ways that feel natural and deeply personal, leading many to discover the joy of knowing Christ. In Jesus’ name we pray, Amen.

Although Songtsen Gampo and Padmasambhava laid the early foundations of Buddhism in Bhutan, the person who had the most significant influence on shaping Bhutan's Buddhist identity was Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal (1594–1651).

In 1620, Zhabdrung established the Zhung Dratshang (Central Monastic Body), codified laws, and created a dual system of governance that integrated both religious and secular authority. He unified the country and became known as the founding father of Bhutan—the nation’s first religious and political leader.

Under this dual system, the Je Khenpo (Chief Abbot) led the religious sphere, while the Druk Desi (civil administrator) governed secular affairs. This arrangement aimed to preserve the Buddhist heritage while maintaining effective state governance. However, over time, regional leaders vied for power, and the entanglement of religion and politics led to conflict. In 1907, the Wangchuck family consolidated power and established the hereditary Wangchuck monarchy, which brought stability to Bhutan.

From Ugyen Wangchuck in 1907 to the present King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, Bhutan has had five monarchs. Among them, the fourth king, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, is perhaps the most well known. In 2008, he relinquished absolute power and introduced a democratic system, transitioning Bhutan into a constitutional monarchy in which the king serves as head of state and the prime minister leads the democratic government.

Prayer

Heavenly Father, we thank You for Bhutan’s political transition, which loosened the historical grip between religion and governance. As Bhutan moves forward into a new era, we pray that old barriers—built by political and religious entanglement—would be broken down. Grant the Bhutanese people greater freedom to hear the gospel, and open doors for gospel work to grow. We lift up Bhutan’s king and national leaders to You. May they be drawn to You and walk in humility and reverence before You. Raise up Daniels within Bhutan’s political realm—leaders who fear the Lord and stand for truth. May Your truth become the foundation of this nation, the salt that preserves, and the light that drives out darkness. In Jesus’ name we pray, Amen.

Although many scholars and spiritual masters rose to prominence in Bhutan between the 9th and 17th centuries, none established a formal monastic institution or unified monastic body—until 1620, when Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal founded the Central Monastic Body and brought the country under a single spiritual and political order.

The Central Monastic Body holds substantial influence in Bhutanese society. Its highest authority, the Je Khenpo (Chief Abbot or Spiritual Head), maintains a close relationship with the king and is supported by five senior lamas of ministerial rank, known as the Lopen Lhengyes. Each is responsible for overseeing key areas: religious doctrine, ceremonial practices, social welfare, education, and administrative and financial affairs.

The Je Khenpo is the most revered monk in Bhutan, regarded as having accumulated great spiritual merit and possessing extensive experience. Under his leadership, monks participate in civil affairs, support the government, preserve Bhutan’s language, spiritual culture, religious rituals, and religious education. They also engage in community care, provide educational grants, contribute to charity, and protect sacred religious relics and architecture.

In everyday life, monks are invited to perform rituals for a wide range of significant occasions—such as weddings, childbirth, illness, death, house construction, consecration ceremonies, promotions, inaugurations, and other major milestones.

Today, the Central Monastic Body includes 7,373 registered monks, 275 nuns, and 461 lay practitioners (Gomchen). These monks and nuns are deeply respected by people across all sectors of society and are regarded as important figures in the pursuit of happiness.

Prayer

Heavenly Father, we pray that the monks and people of Bhutan—those who sincerely strive to do good and seek to accumulate merit—would come to understand that salvation is not a reward for human effort, but a free gift from You. As Scripture declares, “For it is by grace you have been saved, through faith—and this is not from yourselves, it is the gift of God—not by works, so that no one can boast.” May they receive Your unconditional love and acceptance by faith. Raise up, even from within Bhutan’s monastic communities, those like the Apostle Paul—fervent for the salvation of their people and tireless in proclaiming the gospel. May missionaries and gospel messengers gently lead the Bhutanese to seek true peace and blessing from You, the living God, in every part of life. In Jesus’ name we pray, Amen.

The Tibetan Buddhism practiced by the Bhutanese is, in fact, the result of a fusion between Buddhism and Bön.

Bön means “vast” or “boundless,” and its followers are called Bonpo. Before the rise of Buddhism, Tibetans believed that all of nature was infused with spirit and mystical power. They worshiped celestial phenomena, mountains, rivers, trees, rocks, animals, plants, fire, and water. They practiced shamanic rituals, including sorcery, exorcism, divination, and spirit-medium activities. These practices gave rise to a shamanistic religion— Bön.

In the 7th century, after King Songtsen Gampo embraced Buddhism, he began to promote it vigorously, leading to a decline in Bön’s influence. However, it did not disappear. Over time, Tibetan Buddhism incorporated many Bön rituals and beliefs, while Bön itself adopted Buddhist monastic systems, scriptures, and symbols—adapting them into its own teachings and practices. Bön scholars also produced extensive writings on meditation, ritual, theology, and spiritual philosophy. As a result of this mutual exchange and overlap, the two traditions have come to resemble each other in many ways.

For instance, Bön divides the year into 360 days, and its Zhang Zhung script contains 40 letters, compared to 30 in the Tibetan script. Bön monks dress similarly to Buddhist monks, but they wear a blue undershirt beneath their robes. One of the clearest distinctions is in their ritual circumambulation: Buddhists walk clockwise around sacred sites, while Bön practitioners go counterclockwise.

In 1959, many Bön followers fled Tibet with the Dalai Lama and settled in Dolanji, India. Today, Bön is still practiced in Tibet, Bhutan, India, and other regions.

Prayer

Heavenly Father, when people worship created things—whether in the heavens, on the earth, or in nature—they stir Your righteous jealousy. You have declared, “You shall not make for yourself an image in the form of anything in heaven above or on the earth beneath or in the waters below. You shall not bow down to them or worship them…” (Exodus 20:4–5). We pray that Bön practitioners would come to know You—the God who transcends all things, the Alpha and the Omega. May they turn their eyes away from lifeless idols of gold, silver, wood, and stone that cannot hear or speak, and fix their gaze solely on You. Prepare and send gospel messengers to minister among the Bön people and to establish churches. Confirm their ministry with signs and wonders. May Bön followers become bold witnesses of Your great salvation, proclaiming Your glory and power to their fellow Bonpo, Tibetan Buddhists, and shamanistic communities. In Jesus’ name we pray, Amen.

After five years of preparation, Bhutan officially graduated from the United Nations’ list of Least Developed Countries (LDC) on December 13, 2023, earning its new status as a developing country.

Initially, Bhutan was placed on the LDC list due to its poor socioeconomic conditions. However, since the 1980s, Bhutan’s GDP has grown at an average annual rate of 7.5%, life expectancy has risen from 47 to 68 years, and basic healthcare now covers 95% of the population. Bhutan is also one of only three countries in the world with a negative carbon footprint.

This “graduation” marks a major achievement for Bhutan, but it also brings new challenges. First, it means the country will now face market shifts and lose access to aid designated for LDCs. It will no longer be able to freely adjust policies and will forfeit benefits like duty-free and quota-free access to developed markets.

Second, aid agencies that once supported Bhutan’s development may reduce or withdraw their assistance now that the country has graduated.

Third, institutions like the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank will likely reduce concessional loans and grants to Bhutan.

Fourth, in May 2023, Bhutan formally expressed its intent to join the World Trade Organization (WTO). However, WTO membership could hurt Bhutan’s small-scale industries and impact foreign investment. Joining the WTO also requires Bhutan to compromise and shift its focus away from the widely promoted Gross National Happiness model, placing greater emphasis on GDP.

Economic commentary excerpted with permission from: Amit Ranjan, “Bhutan’s Graduation from the LDC List: Navigating Future Challenges”, Institute of South Asian Studies, National University of Singapore, 2024/2/19

Prayer

Heavenly Father, nestled in the Himalayas, Bhutan has only recently begun opening to the world—carefully stepping from ancient traditions into modern life. As the Bhutanese face the pressures of progress, global competition, and material temptation, guide them to strengthen their economy and livelihoods without losing the cultural values that are pleasing to You. Grant the king and government wisdom to enact sound policies and pursue a path of balanced growth. We thank You for Bhutan’s new status as a developing country—a sign that many lives have improved. We pray that Bhutan will rise to the challenges ahead, from limited skills and outdated technologies to the loss of international protections and aid. In Jesus’ name we pray, Amen.

“We don’t need more new roads or bridges,” said a 46-year-old farmer in an interview. “What we really need is more job opportunities for young people!”

According to Al Jazeera, Bhutan held its fourth National Assembly election on January 9, 2024. During the campaign, political parties continued to champion the country’s long-held philosophy of Gross National Happiness. Yet, with pressing economic challenges, many now question whether the government can still prioritize happiness over economic growth.

According to World Bank data, Bhutan’s youth unemployment rate stands at 29%. Over the past five years, economic growth has been sluggish, averaging just 1.7%. The global recession triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic dealt a severe blow to the country—Bhutan’s GDP growth rate plunged from 5.76% in 2019 to -10.08% in 2020, its lowest level on record.

During the campaign, the People’s Democratic Party pointed to government statistics showing that one in every eight Bhutanese struggles to meet basic needs such as food and other essentials.

Many Bhutanese are deeply concerned about the challenges facing their younger generation—from long-term unemployment to the growing brain drain as more youth emigrate abroad. Today, a record number of Bhutanese young people are seeking better economic and educational opportunities overseas, with Australia being the most popular destination.

Many Bhutanese are concerned about the challenges facing the younger generation—including prolonged unemployment and the brain drain caused by youth emigrating overseas. Today, more Bhutanese youth are seeking better economic and educational opportunities abroad than ever before, with Australia emerging as the top destination.

“If this trend continues, our villages will become empty, and the country desolate,” warned a 56-year-old voter.

Prayer

Heavenly Father, may the youth of Bhutan find hope in You and learn to depend on Your guidance. Grant them creativity and courage to blaze new trails in uncharted places, becoming shining examples who glorify You through their words, actions, love, faith, and purity. We pray that government leaders and experts will set wise development goals and craft sound economic strategies for both urban and rural communities. May they collaborate with international partners to create meaningful job opportunities, enabling people to flourish in their homeland. We bless Bhutan’s education and employment policies, that they may empower young people to apply their knowledge and make valuable contributions. We ask that You expand the horizons of Bhutanese abroad—help them acquire new skills, embrace the gospel’s good news, and grow as disciples who will abundantly bless their country both materially and spiritually. In Jesus’ name we pray, Amen.

Bhutan once had a small neighbor—Sikkim—an independent Buddhist kingdom also ruled by a monarchy. But over time, a large influx of ethnic Nepalis shifted the demographic balance, making the native Sikkimese a minority. Eventually, the kingdom collapsed and was annexed by India.

Sikkim’s fate sparked deep concern in Bhutan. In its early years, Bhutan welcomed Nepali immigrants to aid in developing and settling the southern region. However, as the Nepali population grew to comprise 28% of the total, tensions rose. Fueled by nationalism and fears of losing sovereignty, the Bhutanese government introduced the “One Nation, One People” policy in 1989.

This policy mandated that all ethnic groups in Bhutan adopt the language, dress, cultural norms, and values of the dominant Drukpa (Ngalop) people to forge a unified national identity. Alongside the 1988 census, the government used these measures to reduce the influence of the southern Nepali communities.

In 1990, protests erupted among the southern minority groups, prompting a severe government crackdown. From that point onward, all citizens had to secure a No Objection Certificate (NOC) to access education, scholarships, public employment and promotions, medical aid, business permits, travel documents, land ownership, and the right to sell cash crops. Individuals who had taken part in protests—or who were relatives of refugees—were denied the NOC. Without this certificate, it became nearly impossible to survive.

Prayer

Heavenly Father, cast out fear and move the hearts of Bhutan’s leaders to nurture the cultural growth of all ethnic groups. May they embrace policies grounded in respect and inclusion that build unity rather than division. We pray that the No Objection Certificate will not be used as a means to exclude minorities. Merciful Lord, open a path for those denied citizenship and basic rights—grant them grace and new opportunities. Give Bhutan’s government wisdom and mercy to reform citizenship laws or implement flexible measures that address the needs of marginalized communities. When census forms require declarations of faith, we ask You to intervene and prevent any efforts to erase certain groups from the records. In Jesus’ name we pray, Amen.

The Ngalongs are Bhutan’s dominant ethnic group. Their cultural traditions—such as their clothing—have been adopted as the national dress and are mandated as official attire for all citizens. Their language, Dzongkha, is recognized as the country’s official national language.

The Ngalongs are ethnic Tibetans who migrated to Bhutan as early as the 9th century. They introduced Tibetan culture and Buddhism into Bhutan, shaping the overall identity of the nation. As a result, the Ngalongs are generally regarded as the representatives of the Bhutanese people.

The Dzongkha language of the Ngalongs originates from ancient Tibetan. While the Ngalongs are spread throughout Bhutan, they are more concentrated in the western and northern regions, including the capital Thimphu and other Dzongkha-speaking areas.

Because of their dominant status, several smaller ethnic groups with cultures and languages similar to the Ngalongs are broadly classified as part of the Ngalong group. These include the Kheng, Bumthangpa, and Black Mountain Monpa people.

A variety of Christian resources are available online in Dzongkha—including the Bible, New Testament stories, worship songs, testimonies, audiobooks, discipleship materials, and social media content. May the Ngalong people encounter these gospel resources and be deeply moved by the Holy Spirit.

Prayer

Heavenly Father, we ask that Your Holy Spirit soften the hearts of the Ngalong people and open their eyes to see Jesus as the living spring—the true source of life. May they come boldly to Your throne of grace to receive mercy and find help in their time of need. Remove every barrier to the gospel so that the Ngalongs can see, hear, and access the many Dzongkha Christian resources available online. May they fully understand these truths and be deeply moved by the Holy Spirit. We also pray that You would send Spirit-filled, wise, and courageous laborers into Ngalong communities to share the gospel boldly. Teach the Ngalongs to follow Jesus with joy, and may they in turn influence others—leading people from all Bhutanese ethnic groups to know You and be transformed by the culture of Your kingdom. In Jesus’ name we pray, Amen.

Bhutan once had a small neighbor—Sikkim—an independent Buddhist kingdom also ruled by a monarchy. But over time, a large influx of ethnic Nepalis shifted the demographic balance, making the native Sikkimese a minority. Eventually, the kingdom collapsed and was annexed by India.

Sikkim’s fate sparked deep concern in Bhutan. In its early years, Bhutan welcomed Nepali immigrants to aid in developing and settling the southern region. However, as the Nepali population grew to comprise 28% of the total, tensions rose. Fueled by nationalism and fears of losing sovereignty, the Bhutanese government introduced the “One Nation, One People” policy in 1989.

This policy mandated that all ethnic groups in Bhutan adopt the language, dress, cultural norms, and values of the dominant Drukpa (Ngalop) people to forge a unified national identity. Alongside the 1988 census, the government used these measures to reduce the influence of the southern Nepali communities.

In 1990, protests erupted among the southern minority groups, prompting a severe government crackdown. From that point onward, all citizens had to secure a No Objection Certificate (NOC) to access education, scholarships, public employment and promotions, medical aid, business permits, travel documents, land ownership, and the right to sell cash crops. Individuals who had taken part in protests—or who were relatives of refugees—were denied the NOC. Without this certificate, it became nearly impossible to survive.

Prayer

Heavenly Father, may the Tshangla version of “What a Friend We Have in Jesus” take root in the hearts of the Sharchop people, helping them discover the beauty of having Jesus as a true and faithful friend. In both joy and sorrow, may they turn not to idols but to Jesus to pour out their hearts, for He bears the sins and sorrows of mankind. Let Your Word pierce their hearts and shine Your light into their lives, stirring a desire to truly know the Christian faith. We ask that You open doors and create opportunities for believers to lovingly share the good news of Jesus with the Sharchops. In Jesus’ name we pray, Amen.

In the 19th century, as British influence spread across South Asia, Nepali farmers and craftsmen were relocated to northern India to aid in land development. Some of these Nepalis were brought into Bhutan to help cultivate and settle its untamed southern region. The migration was extensive—some arrived individually, others with their families, and in some cases, entire villages relocated. They began clearing land and settling freely, often intermarrying with Nepalis living in India or Nepal. Over time, their numbers grew steadily, eventually comprising around 35% of Bhutan’s population. Bhutanese collectively referred to them as Lhotshampas, meaning “people of the south.” Most Lhotshampas practice Hinduism and speak various Nepali dialects.

From the 1950s to the 1980s, Bhutan had relatively lenient ethnic policies. In 1958, Indian Prime Minister Nehru persuaded the King of Bhutan to accept Indian aid, and another wave of Nepali migrants settled in southern Bhutan. Initially, they worked as planters, but many went on to become merchants, teachers, and civil servants. Among them were many Christians, marking the beginning of Christianity’s presence in Bhutan.

The 1958 Bhutan Citizenship Act formally recognized a large number of Nepalis as Bhutanese citizens, granting them equal political rights and allowing them to participate in governance, and enter the police, military, and civil service. However, in 1989, ethnic tensions erupted into crisis. Nearly half the Lhotshampa population was forced to leave Bhutan by 1990, ending up in eastern Nepal as refugees.

Prayer

Heavenly Father, the ancestors of the Lhotshampa were brought from Nepal to southern Bhutan by the British, and they contributed significantly to the nation’s development. Yet as their numbers grew, they came to be seen as a threat. Many lost everything and became refugees during the ethnic crisis of the 1990s. We pray that You would grant Bhutan’s leaders wisdom and justice—to treat those harmed by past policies with fairness and dignity, restoring to them the rights and benefits due to any citizen. We ask that the gospel would take root in southern Bhutan through various means, leading different ethnic groups to live together in harmony, showing Christ’s love to one another. Lord God, heal the Lhotshampa people so that they may be restored from past ethnic wounds. Save them, and they will be saved—for You are the One we praise. In Jesus’ name we pray, Amen.

Krishna Bir is now 54 years old. He was just 22 when he left Bhutan. After 32 years of displacement, he still lives in a refugee camp, holding tightly to the hope of returning. “My only wish in life is to go back to Bhutan. I believe our king will call us home, so we can spend our final days there.”

In January 1992, Krishna and his family left Bhutan, joining a large group of fellow Lhotshampas (see July 22 entry) from various regions. Tired, confused, and helpless, they were eventually dropped off at a riverside in eastern Nepal, where makeshift tents made of plastic sheets awaited them. A few months later, as living conditions worsened and some died, the refugees were relocated to seven different camps.

In the 1980s, Bhutan implemented a national assimilation policy known as “One Nation, One People,” led by the Drukpa (Ngalong) majority. This policy effectively alienated the Nepali-speaking Lhotshampa community. In 1988, the Bhutanese government conducted a census that was used to identify and expel those deemed “unqualified” citizens. As a result, around 100,000 Lhotshampas were forced out of Bhutan.

In December 2023, Bhutan’s king announced the development of a “Mindfulness City” in Gelephu, a southern region of Bhutan. The news rekindled Krishna’s hope, as the king expressed a desire to welcome Bhutanese living abroad back home. Krishna wonders, “When the king speaks of Bhutanese citizens, does he mean us—the southerners still stuck in refugee camps?”

Prayer

Heavenly Father, Your Word says, “The Lord watches over the foreigner and sustains the fatherless and the widow.” When King Herod sought to destroy the child Jesus, You sent an angel to warn Joseph, leading the family to safety in Egypt. Jesus Himself once lived as a refugee, waiting in a foreign land for the day He could return home. You, Lord, understand the pain of being displaced and the anguish of waiting without hope. Today, many Bhutanese refugees remain in camps in Nepal, longing for a place to call home. Be their refuge and comfort. Stir the hearts of leaders in Bhutan and Nepal to work together and create long-term solutions—whether through the opportunity to return to Bhutan or by finding a new land where they can settle and flourish. We thank You that many in these camps have heard the gospel and become Your children. May they now be gospel seeds, bringing blessing and renewal to both Bhutan and Nepal. In Jesus’ name we pray, Amen.

Beyond the Ngalongs, Sharchops, and Lhotshampas, the rest of Bhutan’s population is made up of small minority groups scattered across the country’s mountainous regions, jungles, and the narrow plains near the Bhutan-India border. These include both indigenous peoples and more recent settlers who are neither considered native Bhutanese nor early Nepali migrants. Altogether, they make up roughly 15% of Bhutan’s population.

Historically, Bhutan’s indigenous peoples had no written language. Their stories and histories were passed down orally from generation to generation. These oral traditions include poetry, myths, legends, proverbs, riddles, songs, and spiritual beliefs. However, many of their languages have very few speakers left, and some are on the verge of extinction.

Compared to literate and dominant groups, those without a written tradition often find themselves at a disadvantage, easily becoming scattered and overlooked minorities among the dominant culture. For instance, the Monpa people cannot record their history in writing, making their presence in Bhutan precarious. Though they have their own distinct dialect, it is sadly fading as they assimilate into mainstream Bhutanese society.

In this so-called “kingdom of happiness,” these highland minorities remain tucked away in remote valleys, rarely visited and easily forgotten. How will these scattered peoples find the source of life—and discover true happiness?

Prayer

Heavenly Father, scattered throughout Bhutan’s high mountains and deep valleys are indigenous and minority groups who have little contact with the outside world. Many of their languages are at risk of disappearing. Yet Lord, You forget no language, no people group—for on the final day, every tribe and tongue will stand before Your throne in worship. We pray that the gospel will reach even these small and remote communities, however hidden they may seem. May they find the true source of life—Jesus Christ. Raise up linguists, cultural workers, and mission organizations to care about preserving these oral languages and cultures, and to develop accessible gospel resources such as audio Bibles, illustrated materials, and videos suited to their needs. In Jesus’ name we pray, Amen.

What does it mean to be Bhutanese? The answer lies in following Driglam Namzhag—Bhutan’s traditional code of etiquette.

Originating in the 17th century and rooted in Buddhist ethics, Driglam Namzhag gradually became a guiding standard for Bhutanese conduct. It governs behavior on three levels: body, speech, and mind. This code defines what it means to be a “proper” Bhutanese, covering everything from how one speaks, walks, sits, bows, shows respect, eats, and dresses (such as wearing the traditional gho for men and kira for women), to how one cultivates inner thought and conducts oneself in the presence of superiors.

Bhutanese are expected to learn Driglam Namzhag and integrate it into their daily lives as a sign of respect and refinement. The practice reflects ideals of proper order and demeanor, promoting outward humility, self-restraint, calmness, and compassion. It encourages sensitivity to and respect for healthy values, especially among leaders and elders, who are seen as role models for the people.

On January 16, 1989, the King of Bhutan announced the “One Nation, One People” policy, and Driglam Namzhag became part of this royal decree. It adopted the traditions of the dominant Ngalong ethnic group as the national standard, solidifying their cultural dominance. It also served as a cultural bulwark against the encroachment of modern Western influences by upholding ethnic and Buddhist traditions.

Although the state offers classes to teach Driglam Namzhag, many Bhutanese youth show little interest in learning it.

Prayer

Heavenly Father, as the people of Bhutan pursue order and morality through Driglam Namzhag, seeking to shape their hearts by Buddhist ethics, may they come to know that You are the God who looks not at outward appearances but at the heart. Stir within them a reverence for You and an awareness of their need for inner transformation. Help them see that outward behavior alone cannot change the heart—that true renewal comes only through Your Spirit and Your Word. May they hunger for Your ways and find joy in following Your commands, realizing that at the heart of every law and custom is love. May Your love empower them to go beyond mere rules and the old self, naturally reflecting the kingdom virtues of reverence for God, mutual respect, love, joy, peace, mercy, and forgiveness. Make them salt and light in the world. In Jesus’ name we pray, Amen.

As the sun begins to set, Grandma sits by the window with her eyes closed, softly murmuring prayers. Young Yangki watches with surprise—though her grandmother never learned to read, she can recite many texts and names from memory. Every morning and evening, this elderly woman faithfully performs her khathun, or “daily practice,” by the window.

Khathun is a common daily recitation among the elderly in Bhutan. It typically begins with prayers calling upon the lama, followed by praise to the Buddha, invocations to Guru Rinpoche (Padmasambhava), and the chanting of names of famous lamas from generations past, including Bhutan’s founding father, Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal.

The daily practice may also include various supplications to bodhisattvas, the Heart Sutra, the Long Life Sutra, and concludes with vows offered to the Buddha. Beyond personal chanting, Bhutanese also chant collectively at funerals and recite brief prayers before drinking tea, eating meals, offering alcohol, or lighting incense.

Though many elderly Bhutanese are illiterate, they faithfully recite these scriptures from memory each day, often mastering several versions of khathun. Bhutanese believe that regular daily recitation can ward off misfortune, fulfill desires, bring health and longevity, ensure a better rebirth, accumulate merit, and lead to a quicker realization of the Buddha’s teachings.

Prayer

Heavenly Father, many elderly Bhutanese faithfully recite their daily prayers, crying out for protection and relief from suffering—yet they do not know that what they truly need is You. You are the living God, the One who sent Jesus, our Savior, whose name is above every name. May the elderly in Bhutan behold Your beauty and call on You each day. Let them come to know the truth of Your Word: “You, Lord, are a shield around me, my glory, the One who lifts my head high. I call out to the Lord, and He answers me from His holy mountain. I lie down and sleep; I wake again, because the Lord sustains me.” Lord, pour out mercy and grace on those who are aging and frail. Turn their hearts swiftly to the one true God. May their newfound faith take root and be passed down to the next generation. Let their daily prayers plant Your Word deep in the hearts of their families. In Jesus’ name we pray, Amen.

"What’s a red sack full of coins?"

"Chili peppers!"

Beneath the eaves, two children exchange riddles, bursting into giggles at each clever answer.

About 79% of Bhutan’s population lives in rural areas, and some villages require a three-day walk to reach the nearest main road. Before electricity, television, or cinemas became common, people found joy, wonder, and connection through a traditional oral riddle game passed down through generations called Khar (meaning "house"). This game offered entertainment, helped people relax, and fostered friendships.

For much of its history, Bhutan has been a predominantly oral society. Modern education was introduced only in the late 1950s, and before then, formal learning was reserved for a privileged few in Buddhist monasteries. In this context, oral traditions thrived across Bhutan’s many ethnic groups. The Khar riddles—filled with local wit and humor—form part of a rich heritage of storytelling that includes folktales, ballads, legends, poetry, proverbs, and jokes.

May Christ’s workers also learn to share the gospel through Bhutan’s oral traditions—communicating the message of Jesus in a simple, engaging way that reaches hearts.

Prayer

Heavenly Father, You are the source of all wisdom; knowledge and understanding flow from Your mouth. As the Bhutanese pass down Khar—their traditional riddle game—using riddles to spark joy, sharpen minds, and deepen their wit and humor, may You also stir their hearts to seek the true foundation of wisdom. Lead them to discover that “the fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom, and all who follow His precepts have good understanding.” We pray that Christian workers in Bhutan will learn to embrace oral traditions, sharing the gospel through folktales, ballads, legends, poems, proverbs, and even humor—so that the good news will be remembered, cherished, and passed down from one generation to the next. In Jesus’ name we pray, Amen.

On the map, Bhutan borders China to the north. If you look closely, you’ll see that two sections of the China–Bhutan border are marked with dotted lines—these are areas where the two countries have not yet demarcated official boundaries.

Bhutan is sandwiched between China and India. While it has no diplomatic relations with China, it maintains a close relationship with India. India has long provided Bhutan with extensive economic, material, and military aid, giving it significant influence over the kingdom. India has consistently sided with Bhutan in its territorial disputes with China. One of the disputed regions, the Doklam Plateau, lies near the tri-junction of China, Bhutan, and India and is considered strategically vital. If China were to gain control of it, it could directly impact India and its northeastern states.

Bhutan and China began border negotiations in 1984, and over the past forty years, they have held more than twenty rounds of talks. More recently, their disputes have expanded to include the Menchuma Valley in the north, as well as areas where China has constructed villages within Bhutan’s Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary and the Beyul Khenpajong region.

Bhutan maintains that the Doklam issue involves three nations and must be resolved with the preparedness of all three. However, this issue is entangled with decades of border tensions between China and India. In 2017, Chinese and Indian troops faced off in a 70-day military standoff on the Doklam Plateau. Meanwhile, in eastern Bhutan, the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh—claimed by China—remains another point of contention. It’s no wonder Bhutan is often described as the “meat in the sandwich.”

Prayer

Heavenly Father, Bhutan is nestled between two of the world’s most populous powers and urgently needs Your wisdom to navigate this delicate balance in diplomacy. Any conflict between India and China could quickly escalate and affect Bhutan’s peace and security. We pray that Bhutan’s leaders will not underestimate their nation’s importance. Grant them courage and discernment to stand firm in claiming what is rightfully theirs, and shield them from harm under overwhelming pressure. Lord, we ask You to sovereignly oversee the complex diplomacy and geopolitics between China and India. While nations may plot their own courses, only Your purposes will stand, and all that pleases You will be fulfilled (Isaiah 46:10b). May both India and China treat their small neighbor Bhutan with kindness, care, and respect. In Jesus’ name we pray, Amen.

Bhutan established radio broadcasting in 1973. Foreign tourists were first allowed in 1974. It wasn’t until 1999 that television and the internet became available. Yet nearly four centuries earlier, the gospel of Christ had already touched Bhutan.

In 1627, Bhutan had its first encounter with Christianity when Portuguese Jesuit missionaries passed through en route to Tibet. Their brief visit left little lasting impact. In the second half of the 20th century, Bhutan slowly opened its doors to medical teams caring for leprosy patients. From the 1960s onward, Christians from Darjeeling and Kalimpong in northern India came to work in Bhutan, and through them, some Bhutanese began to follow Christ.

From the late 20th into the early 21st century, a Pentecostal movement began to grow in Bhutan through “power encounters”—miraculous healings, deliverance, and exorcisms—demonstrating the power of God. In 2004, the Bhutan Christian Cooperation Forum (BCCF) was established.

As for Scripture translation, work on the Tshangla Bible began in 1989, and the New Testament was completed in 2009. A major challenge today is presenting the gospel in a way that resonates with Bhutan’s Buddhist cultural framework—showing that becoming a Christian does not make one any less loyal to the nation or less capable of contributing meaningfully to its development.

Prayer

Heavenly Father, though Bhutan has long been isolated from the world, Your Word cannot be chained. We thank You that English is one of Bhutan’s official languages and is taught in many schools, making it easier for people to encounter the gospel message in English. As brothers and sisters from northern India have crossed borders and brought the gospel into southern Bhutan, we pray that You would break every scheme of the enemy. Let the gospel travel over mountains and into the remotest corners of Bhutan. May many Bhutanese witness Your power—through healing, deliverance, and the casting out of demons—and be drawn to Christ. We bless Bhutanese believers to bear abundant fruit, transforming how society and the government perceive the church. Let the gospel break through stereotypes and barriers and take root deeply across Bhutan. In Jesus’ name we pray, Amen.

According to the World Christian Database, in 2019, 83% of Bhutan’s population identified as Buddhist, 11% as Hindu, and 2.3% (broadly defined) as Christian. Conservative estimates suggest there are about 30,000 Christians in Bhutan, with 250 to 300 churches—most located in the capital, Thimphu, and in southern towns.

Although Bhutan’s constitution declares Buddhism the country’s “spiritual heritage,” it also guarantees freedom of thought, conscience, and religion, and prohibits religious discrimination.

All religious groups in Bhutan are legally required to register with the Commission for Religious Organizations (CRO). Unregistered religious groups are not allowed to hold public religious ceremonies, own property, raise funds, engage in evangelism, or import religious materials. Penalties for violations range from fines to imprisonment.

As of the end of 2022, there were 139 registered religious organizations in Bhutan—137 of them Hindu and 2 Buddhist. No church has received official registration approval. All applications from Christian churches remain unresolved, with no official explanation.

Open Doors’ World Watch List^* ranks Bhutan 36th in its list of countries where Christians face the most persecution for their faith. Let us lift up the church and believers in Bhutan in prayer.

*The World Watch List is an annual ranking of 50 countries where Christians face the most severe persecution for their faith.

Prayer

Heavenly Father, when our brothers and sisters in Bhutan face persecution and trials because of their faith, we ask You to protect them. Grant Your people justice, peace, and perseverance, that they may be strong and courageous. When Bhutanese turn from Buddhism or animistic folk religions to follow You, strengthen their faith and make a way for them. When they face rejection from society, fellow citizens, or family, and suffer discrimination or harassment, teach them to rely on You—for “the righteous person may have many troubles, but the Lord delivers him from them all.” We pray that You would frustrate the plans of those who persecute Your people, and bring them to repentance in the mighty name of Jesus. May the Bhutanese government allow churches to be legally registered, and may You personally uphold and grow the body of Christ in Bhutan in freedom and strength. In Jesus’ name we pray, Amen.

On Sunday mornings, believers gather at the Emmanuel Bhutanese Nepali Baptist Church, greeting one another warmly with, “Jai Masih Ki!”—meaning “Christ is victorious!”

This small church is located in Columbus, the capital of Ohio. Pastor Dilli Lumjel was once a Bhutanese refugee. According to Christianity Today, he arrived in Columbus in 2012 and began sharing the gospel with fellow Bhutanese refugees. He later became the pastor of Emmanuel Bhutanese Nepali Baptist Church. Today, more than 200 people attend the church’s weekly Nepali-language worship service.

Since 2008, the United States and Canada have resettled over 90,000 Bhutanese refugees. The Columbus metropolitan area alone has taken in more than 30,000. These refugees have planted nearly 300 churches. The U.S. Department of State estimates that around 10,500 Bhutanese of Nepali descent identified as Christians upon resettlement.

However, the conversion of Bhutanese-Nepali refugees to Christianity has stirred concern and skepticism within the broader Hindu community in the U.S. Sewa International, a Hindu relief organization, has criticized Christian missionaries for actively evangelizing among incoming refugees—gaining their trust with promises of aid and a better life, which they say undermines community trust and mutual respect. One Bhutanese Buddhist who had driven away Christian missionaries remarked, “Those who convert to Christianity distance themselves from us and even look down on us.”

However, the increasing number of Bhutanese-Nepali refugees converting to Christianity has caused concern among many in the broader Hindu community in the United States. One Hindu humanitarian group, Sewa International, has publicly criticized Christian missionaries for their role in this trend. They accuse them of actively targeting newly arrived refugees and gaining their trust through promises of material aid and a better life. According to Sewa, such efforts undermine mutual respect and damage community cohesion. One Bhutanese Buddhist who had turned away missionaries remarked, “Those who convert to Christianity keep their distance from us—and even look down on us.”

Prayer

Heavenly Father, hallelujah—we praise You. Many of those once expelled from Bhutan heard the gospel in refugee camps and became Your children. Not only have they found a new home in foreign lands, but they have also established churches and continued sharing Your love with their people. What a beautiful testimony this is. Once displaced and scattered, they have become new creations by Your grace. May their transformed lives serve as a witness back in Bhutan, so their compatriots might see Your wondrous works, open their hearts, and turn to trust in You.

We also pray that You open doors for the gospel in American communities. May mission organizations and Bhutanese believers serve their neighbors with humility and love, crossing cultural barriers and drawing more people to You. In Jesus’ name we pray, Amen.