犹宣必修课
认识犹太重要节期
想与犹太人分享福音吗?首先,我们得走进他们的世界,用心领略他们的节庆文化。犹太节期就像一部历史纪录片,记录着这支古老民族的信仰与传统。认识犹太重要节期是犹宣第一堂必修课,将帮助我们与犹太人建立友谊,拉近彼此的距离!
Shanah Tova(祝你有个好年)、l'Shanah tovah tikateivu(有个美好的一年,愿你被记在生命册)都是犹太人过新年时的希伯来文祝贺语。在新年,犹太人会吃一些应景的食物,特别是苹果沾蜂蜜(有个甜蜜的一年)。
为期7天的住棚节结束后,隔天就是第八日严肃会及欢庆妥拉节。在以色列及海外的改革派犹太人会在提斯利月22日一起庆祝,而正统派及保守派犹太人则会分成两天庆祝。第八日严肃会记载在利未记23:36,至于欢庆妥拉节并不是圣经中的节日,首次出现是在十三世纪犹太神祕主义的经典Zohar。
为期8天的修殿节又称光明节,犹太人会在修殿节这几天点燃九盏修殿节烛台。修殿节不是律法书要求守节的日子,圣经唯一提到修殿节的地方是约翰福音10:22:「在耶路撒冷有修殿节,是冬天的时候。」
犹太曆
7月
提斯利月
Tishrei
8月
玛西班月
Cheshvan
9月
基斯流月
Kislev
10月
提别月
Tevet
11月
细罢特月
Shevat
12月
亚达月
Adar
1月
尼散月
Nisan
2月
西弗月
Iyar
3月
西弯月
Sivan
4月
搭模斯月
Tammuz
5月
埃波月
Av
6月
以禄月
Elul
赎罪日是所有犹太节期中最神圣的一天。犹太人认为上帝在吹角节那天打开生命册,直到赎罪日结束才阖上生命册,并且决定每个人接下来一年的命运。名字没有被记在生命册的人,会在这几天特别向神忏悔。
这一天,犹太人要住在棚子裡守节7日(利23:34-43)。在自家院子搭建独特的棚子,全家在裡面用餐或睡觉是住棚节的主要特色。住棚节是一个感恩的节期,纪念以色列人离开埃及后,在旷野流浪40年期间,神丰富的供应。
普珥节不是耶和华的节期,这个节日由来记载在圣经的以斯帖记。普珥节这天大家都会吃的传统甜点「哈曼的耳朵」,这是一种甜的三角麵饼,裡面装满了罂粟籽,让人想起以斯帖王后在皇宫内为了保持犹太信仰而吃素。
逾越节的故事记载在出埃及记,新约更指出耶稣就是逾越节的羔羊。这天要吃烤羊羔、无酵饼及苦菜(出12:8)。对犹太人而言,逾越节不单是最受欢迎的节日、纪念犹太民族得自由,更是犹太人身分的延续。
逾越节的故事记载在出埃及记,新约更指出耶稣就是逾越节的羔羊。这天要吃烤羊羔、无酵饼及苦菜(出12:8)。对犹太人而言,逾越节不单是最受欢迎的节日、纪念犹太民族得自由,更是犹太人身分的延续。
前十大犹太人口数最多的国家
参考资料和附录
10月2日 | 犹太新年
- 大节期 High Holidays(或作至圣节期):是指提斯利月的犹太新年和赎罪日这两天。大节期的季节是从前一个月(以禄月)的初一开始预备,直到住棚节后的第八日严肃会(欢庆妥拉节)结束。
- Kasdan, Barney. 1993. God’s Appointed Times: A Practical Guide for Understanding and Celebrating the Biblical Holy Days. Messianic Jewish Publisher.65-66.
10月4日 | 全球犹太人口分布概况
- Sergio DellaPergola. 2022. “World Jewish Population,2021.” In The American Jewish Year Book, Volume 121.Edited by Arnold Dashefsky and Ira M. Sheskin. Cham,Switzland: Springer. 313-412. Fig. 2. https://www.jewishdatabank.org/api/download/?studyId=1185&mediaId=bjdb%5C2021_World_Jewish_Population_AJYB_(DellaPergola)_DB_Public.pdf.
- 核心犹太人口:透过犹太教信仰(含正统派、保守派、改革派)认定自己是犹太人,包含皈依犹太教的人;从种族和文化认定是犹太人,但没有任何宗教信仰。(参阅:台北市犹宣关怀协会网站 ── 犹宣专栏:https://www.tcfjma.org)
10月5日 | 改革派犹太教
- Hahn Tapper, Aaron J. 2019. Judaisms: A Twenty-First-Century Introduction to Jews and Jewish Identities.University of California Press. 146.
- My Jewish Learning. n.d. “The Jewish Denominations.” My Jewish Learning. https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/he-jewish-denominations/.
- Jewish Virtual Library. n.d. “Reform Judaism.” Jewish Virtual Library. https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/reform-judaism-2.
- Dowley, Tim. 2018. Introduction to World Religions. Edited by Christopher Partridge. Third Edition. Fortress Press. Kindle Edition. 629.
10月7日 | 正统派犹太教
- Hahn Tapper, Aaron J. 2019. Judaisms: A Twenty-First-Century Introduction to Jews and Jewish Identities. University of California Press. 150.
- Karesh, Sara E., and Mitchell M. Hurvitz. 2007. Encyclopedia of Judaism. Checkmark Books. 369.
- Dowley, Tim. 2019. A Brief Introduction to Judaism. Edited by Christopher Partridge and Tim Dowley. Fortress Press. 100.
- My Jewish Learning. n.d. “Orthodox Judaism.” My Jewish Learning. https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/orthodox-judaism/.
- My Jewish Learning. n.d. “The Jewish Denominations.” My Jewish Learning. https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-jewish-denominations/.
10月9日 | 保守派犹太教
- Karesh, Sara E., and Mitchell M. Hurvitz. 2007. Encyclopedia of Judaism. Checkmark Books. 98.
- 2. Dowley, Tim.2019. A Brief Introduction to Judaism. Edited by Christopher Partridge and Tim Dowley. Fortress Press. 101.
- Karesh and Hurvitz. Encyclopedia of Judaism. 99.
- Karesh and Hurvitz. Encyclopedia of Judaism. 98-99.
- Geffen, Rela Mintz. 2011. Conservative Judaism. In The Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Culture, edited by Judith R. Baskin. Cambridge University Press. 338. 6. My Jewish Learning. n.d. “Conservative Judaism.” My Jewish Learning. https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/conservative-judaism-how-the-middle-became-a-movement/.
10月11日 | 赎罪日
- Hahn Tapper, Aaron J. 2019. Judaisms: A Twenty-First-Century Introduction to Jews and Jewish Identities.University of California Press. 566.
- Kasdan, Barney. 1993. God’s Appointed Times: A Practical Guide for Understanding and Celebrating the Biblical Holy Days. Messianic Jewish Publisher. 78.
- Eisenberg, Joyce, and Ellen Scolnic. 2010. Dictionary of Jewish Words: A JPS Guide. Jewish Publication Society. Logos Edition. 191.
- My Jewish Learning. “Yom Kippur 101.” My Jewish Learning. https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/yom-kippur-101/.
- Eisenberg and Scolnic. Dictionary of Jewish Words: A JPS Guide. 191.
- My Jewish Learning. n.d. “9 Things You Didn’t Know about Yom Kippur.” My Jewish Learning. https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/9-things-you-didnt-know-about-yom-kippur/.
10月13日 | 谁是犹太人
- Goldman, Shalom. 2018. “David Ben-Gurion Asks 51 Jewish Scholars: ‘Who Is a Jew?’” Tablet. https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/david-ben-gurion-who-is-a-jew.
- Weiner, Rebecca. n.d. “Judaism: Who is A Jew?” Jewish Virtual Library. https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/who-is-a-jew.
- Pew Research Center. 2013. “A Portrait of Jewish Americans, sidebar: who is a Jew.” Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2013/10/01/sidebar-who-is-a-jew.
10月15日 | 美国犹太人
- 作者注:此时巴西荷兰殖民地已被葡萄牙接收,加上葡萄牙与西班牙王室联姻,犹太人因为惧怕宗教裁判所的势力,于是选择逃离巴西。由于犹太人可以提升当地经济,当时的荷兰对犹太人是採取接纳政策。
- Sheskin, Arnold, and Ira Dashefsky. 2020. “United States Jewish Population, 2019.” In The American Jewish Year Book, 2019, Volume 119, edited by Arnold Dashefsky Ira M. Sheskin, 135–231. Cham, Switzland: Springer.12-13. https://www.jewishdatabank.org/content/upload/bjdb/2019_US_Jewish_Population_(AJYB,Sheskin,Dashefsky)_DataBank_Final.pdf.
- Alper, Becka A., and Alan Cooperman. 2021. “Pew Research Center: Jewish American in 2020.” Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/05/11/jewish-identity-and-belief/.
10月16日 | 住棚节
- My Jewish Learning. n.d. “What happens in Synagogue on Sukkot.” My Jewish Learning. https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/synagogue-on-sukkot/.
- Goodman, Robert. 1990. Teaching Jewish Holidays: History, Values, and Activities. A. R. E. Publication. 67.
- My Jewish Learning. “What happens in Synagogue on Sukkot.” 42 43
- Schorsch, Ismar. 2000. “The Seventy Bulls of Sukkot.” Jewish Theological Seminary. https://www.jtsa.edu/torah/the-seventy-bulls-of-sukkot/.
10月19日 | 加拿大犹太人
- Brym, Robert. 2022. “What the 2021 Census Reveals about Canada’s Jewish Community.” The Canadian Jewish News. https://thecjn.ca/news/canada-jewish-census/.
- Posner, Menachem. n.d. “9 Facts About the Jews of Canada.” Chabad.org. https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/5397916/jewish/9-Facts-About-the-Jews-of-Canada.htm.
- 1791 年的加拿大法桉将魁北克省分成两部分,上加拿大与下加拿大。上加拿大指的是圣劳伦斯河的上游及五大湖地区;下加拿大指的是河的下游到出海口。 参考:https://www.canadahistoryproject.ca/1791/1791-06-upper-lower-canada.html.
- Schoenfeld, Stuart. n.d. “Jewish Canadians.”The Canadian Encyclopedia . https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/jewish-canadians.
- Cohen, Sharonne. 2006. “Canadian Jewry.” My Jewish Learning. https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/canadian-jewry/.
- Brym. “What the 2021 Census Reveals about Canada’s Jewish Community.”
- Cohen. “Canadian Jewry.”
10月21日 | 巴西犹太人
- Oreck, Alden and Mitchell Bard. n.d. “Brazil Virtual Jewish History Tour.” Jewish Virtual Library. https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/brazil-virtual-jewish-history-tour.
- World Jewish Congress. n.d. “Brazil.” World Jewish Congress. https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/about/communities/BR.
- Moraes, Marcus. 2016. “7 Things to Know about the Jews of Brazil.” St. Louis Jewish Light. https://stljewishlight.org/news/world-news/7-things-to-know-about-the-jews-of-brazil/.
- 作者注:第一批美国犹太移民是从该城市搭船前往荷属新阿姆斯特丹,即今日的纽约市。
- US Department of State. n.d. “The JUST Act Report:Brazil.” US Department of State. https://www.state.gov/reports/just-act-report-to-congress/brazil/.
- Moraes. “7 Things to Know about the Jews of Brazil.”
10月22日 | 大和撒那日
- Zwebner, Dovi. n.d. “Hoshanah Rabba.” Sefaria. www.sefaria.org/sheets/16895?lang=bi.
- Board of Jewish Education. “Hoshanah Rabba explainedfor kids.” Board of Jewish Education. https://bje.org.au/knowledge-centre/explained-for-kids/jewish-year/hoshana-rabbah-explained-for-kids.
- My Jewish Learning. n.d. “What is Hoshanah Rabba?” My Jewish Learning. www.myjewishlearning.com/article/hoshanah-rabbah.
- Chabad.org. n.d. “Hoshanah Rabba.” Chabad.org. www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/757453/jewish/Hoshana-Rabbah.htm.
- The Rabbinical Assembly. 2003. “Supplement ForFestivals — Hoshana Rabbah.” The Rabbinical Assembly. 212-213. www.rabbinicalassembly.org/sites/default/files/public/jewish-law/holidays/sukkot/or-hadash-hoshanot.pdf.
10月23日 | 第八日严肃会、欢庆妥拉节
- Goodman, Robert. 1990. Teaching Jewish Holidays: History, Values, and Activities. A. R. E. Publication. 81.
- Chabad.org. n.d. “What Is Shemini Atzeret / SimchatTorah?” Chabad.org. https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/4464/jewish/What-Is-Shemini-Atzeret-Simchat-Torah.htm.
- Goodman. Teaching Jewish Holidays: History, Values, and Activities. 81.
10月24日 | 修殿节
- My Jewish Learning. n.d. “The History of Hanukkah.” My Jewish Learning. https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/hanukkah-history/.
- Krasne, Ellie. 2020. “Hanukkah, Made in the U.S.A.” The Heritage Foundation. https://www.heritage.org/religious-liberty/commentary/hanukkah-made-the-usa.
10月26日 | 普珥节
- My Jewish Learning. n.d. “Purim in the Community.” My Jewish Learning. https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/purim-in-the-community/.
- Chabad.org. n.d. “How to Celebrate Purim.” Chabad.org. https://www.chabad.org/holidays/purim/article_cdo/aid/1362/jewish/How-to-Celebrate-Purim.htm.
- Shurpin, Yedhuda. n.d. “The History and Meaning of Hamantaschen.” Chabad.org. https://www.chabad.org/holidays/purim/article_cdo/aid/2872815/jewish/The-History-and-Meaning-of-Hamantaschen.htm.
- Freeman, Tzvi. n.d. “Do I have to get drunk on Purim? Chabad.org. https://www.chabad.org/holidays/purim/article_cdo/aid/1146095/jewish/Drinking-on-Purim.htm.
- Zaklikowski, Dovid. n.d. “Why Wear Purim Costumes.” Chabad.org. https://www.chabad.org/holidays/purim/article_cdo/aid/1456808/jewish/Why-Wear-Purim-Costumes.htm.
10月28日 | 逾越节
- 作者注:以色列人被掳到巴比伦后,受其文化的影响,于是将犹太曆部分月分改为巴比伦曆名称。参阅:尼二 1、斯三 7。
- Chabad.org. n.d. “Passover 2023 (Pesach).” https://www.chabad.org/holidays/passover/default_cdo/jewish/Passover-2023-Pesach.htm.
- My Jewish Learning. 2016. “How to Set the Seder Plate for Passover.” YouTube. https://youtu.be/r37_hNy9A1A.
- Seitz, Abby. n.d. “10 Passover Customs from Around the World.” My Jewish Learning. https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/10-passover-customs-from-around-the-world.
10月30日 | 五旬节
- 参阅:出三十四 22、利二十三 15-21、申十六 9-10。
- Rich, Tracey R. n.d. “Shavuot.” Jewfaq.org. https://www.jewfaq.org/shavot.
- Rich, Tracey R. n.d. “The Counting of the Omer.”Jewfaq.org. https://www.jewfaq.org/counting_the_omer.
- Rich. “The Counting of the Omer.”
- Rich. “Shavuot.”
- Altein, Boruch. n.d. “The Shtei Halechem (Two Breads).” Chabad.org. https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/2599670/jewish/The-Shtei-Halechem-Two-Breads.htm.
- Chabad.org. n.d. “What is Shavuot.” Chabad.org. https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/609663/jewish/What-Is-Shavuot-Shavuos.htm.