猶宣必修課
認識猶太重要節期
想與猶太人分享福音嗎?首先,我們得走進他們的世界,用心領略他們的節慶文化。猶太節期就像一部歷史紀錄片,記錄著這支古老民族的信仰與傳統。認識猶太重要節期是猶宣第一堂必修課,將幫助我們與猶太人建立友誼,拉近彼此的距離!
Shanah Tova(祝你有個好年)、l'Shanah tovah tikateivu(有個美好的一年,願你被記在生命冊)都是猶太人過新年時的希伯來文祝賀語。在新年,猶太人會吃一些應景的食物,特別是蘋果沾蜂蜜(有個甜蜜的一年)。
為期7天的住棚節結束後,隔天就是第八日嚴肅會及歡慶妥拉節。在以色列及海外的改革派猶太人會在提斯利月22日一起慶祝,而正統派及保守派猶太人則會分成兩天慶祝。第八日嚴肅會記載在利未記23:36,至於歡慶妥拉節並不是聖經中的節日,首次出現是在十三世紀猶太神祕主義的經典Zohar。
為期8天的修殿節又稱光明節,猶太人會在修殿節這幾天點燃九盞修殿節燭台。修殿節不是律法書要求守節的日子,聖經唯一提到修殿節的地方是約翰福音10:22:「在耶路撒冷有修殿節,是冬天的時候。」
猶太曆
7月
提斯利月
Tishrei
8月
瑪西班月
Cheshvan
9月
基斯流月
Kislev
10月
提別月
Tevet
11月
細罷特月
Shevat
12月
亞達月
Adar
1月
尼散月
Nisan
2月
西弗月
Iyar
3月
西彎月
Sivan
4月
搭模斯月
Tammuz
5月
埃波月
Av
6月
以祿月
Elul
贖罪日是所有猶太節期中最神聖的一天。猶太人認為上帝在吹角節那天打開生命冊,直到贖罪日結束才闔上生命冊,並且決定每個人接下來一年的命運。名字沒有被記在生命冊的人,會在這幾天特別向神懺悔。
這一天,猶太人要住在棚子裡守節7日(利23:34-43)。在自家院子搭建獨特的棚子,全家在裡面用餐或睡覺是住棚節的主要特色。住棚節是一個感恩的節期,紀念以色列人離開埃及後,在曠野流浪40年期間,神豐富的供應。
普珥節不是耶和華的節期,這個節日由來記載在聖經的以斯帖記。普珥節這天大家都會吃的傳統甜點「哈曼的耳朵」,這是一種甜的三角麵餅,裡面裝滿了罌粟籽,讓人想起以斯帖王后在皇宮內為了保持猶太信仰而吃素。
逾越節的故事記載在出埃及記,新約更指出耶穌就是逾越節的羔羊。這天要吃烤羊羔、無酵餅及苦菜(出12:8)。對猶太人而言,逾越節不單是最受歡迎的節日、紀念猶太民族得自由,更是猶太人身分的延續。
逾越節的故事記載在出埃及記,新約更指出耶穌就是逾越節的羔羊。這天要吃烤羊羔、無酵餅及苦菜(出12:8)。對猶太人而言,逾越節不單是最受歡迎的節日、紀念猶太民族得自由,更是猶太人身分的延續。
前十大猶太人口數最多的國家
參考資料和附錄
10月2日 | 猶太新年
- 大節期 High Holidays(或作至聖節期):是指提斯利月的猶太新年和贖罪日這兩天。大節期的季節是從前一個月(以祿月)的初一開始預備,直到住棚節後的第八日嚴肅會(歡慶妥拉節)結束。
- Kasdan, Barney. 1993. God’s Appointed Times: A Practical Guide for Understanding and Celebrating the Biblical Holy Days. Messianic Jewish Publisher.65-66.
10月4日 | 全球猶太人口分布概況
- Sergio DellaPergola. 2022. “World Jewish Population,2021.” In The American Jewish Year Book, Volume 121.Edited by Arnold Dashefsky and Ira M. Sheskin. Cham,Switzland: Springer. 313-412. Fig. 2. https://www.jewishdatabank.org/api/download/?studyId=1185&mediaId=bjdb%5C2021_World_Jewish_Population_AJYB_(DellaPergola)_DB_Public.pdf.
- 核心猶太人口:透過猶太教信仰(含正統派、保守派、改革派)認定自己是猶太人,包含皈依猶太教的人;從種族和文化認定是猶太人,但沒有任何宗教信仰。(參閱:台北市猶宣關懷協會網站 ── 猶宣專欄:https://www.tcfjma.org)
10月5日 | 改革派猶太教
- Hahn Tapper, Aaron J. 2019. Judaisms: A Twenty-First-Century Introduction to Jews and Jewish Identities.University of California Press. 146.
- My Jewish Learning. n.d. “The Jewish Denominations.” My Jewish Learning. https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/he-jewish-denominations/.
- Jewish Virtual Library. n.d. “Reform Judaism.” Jewish Virtual Library. https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/reform-judaism-2.
- Dowley, Tim. 2018. Introduction to World Religions. Edited by Christopher Partridge. Third Edition. Fortress Press. Kindle Edition. 629.
10月7日 | 正統派猶太教
- Hahn Tapper, Aaron J. 2019. Judaisms: A Twenty-First-Century Introduction to Jews and Jewish Identities. University of California Press. 150.
- Karesh, Sara E., and Mitchell M. Hurvitz. 2007. Encyclopedia of Judaism. Checkmark Books. 369.
- Dowley, Tim. 2019. A Brief Introduction to Judaism. Edited by Christopher Partridge and Tim Dowley. Fortress Press. 100.
- My Jewish Learning. n.d. “Orthodox Judaism.” My Jewish Learning. https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/orthodox-judaism/.
- My Jewish Learning. n.d. “The Jewish Denominations.” My Jewish Learning. https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-jewish-denominations/.
10月9日 | 保守派猶太教
- Karesh, Sara E., and Mitchell M. Hurvitz. 2007. Encyclopedia of Judaism. Checkmark Books. 98.
- 2. Dowley, Tim.2019. A Brief Introduction to Judaism. Edited by Christopher Partridge and Tim Dowley. Fortress Press. 101.
- Karesh and Hurvitz. Encyclopedia of Judaism. 99.
- Karesh and Hurvitz. Encyclopedia of Judaism. 98-99.
- Geffen, Rela Mintz. 2011. Conservative Judaism. In The Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Culture, edited by Judith R. Baskin. Cambridge University Press. 338. 6. My Jewish Learning. n.d. “Conservative Judaism.” My Jewish Learning. https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/conservative-judaism-how-the-middle-became-a-movement/.
10月11日 | 贖罪日
- Hahn Tapper, Aaron J. 2019. Judaisms: A Twenty-First-Century Introduction to Jews and Jewish Identities.University of California Press. 566.
- Kasdan, Barney. 1993. God’s Appointed Times: A Practical Guide for Understanding and Celebrating the Biblical Holy Days. Messianic Jewish Publisher. 78.
- Eisenberg, Joyce, and Ellen Scolnic. 2010. Dictionary of Jewish Words: A JPS Guide. Jewish Publication Society. Logos Edition. 191.
- My Jewish Learning. “Yom Kippur 101.” My Jewish Learning. https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/yom-kippur-101/.
- Eisenberg and Scolnic. Dictionary of Jewish Words: A JPS Guide. 191.
- My Jewish Learning. n.d. “9 Things You Didn’t Know about Yom Kippur.” My Jewish Learning. https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/9-things-you-didnt-know-about-yom-kippur/.
10月13日 | 誰是猶太人
- Goldman, Shalom. 2018. “David Ben-Gurion Asks 51 Jewish Scholars: ‘Who Is a Jew?’” Tablet. https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/david-ben-gurion-who-is-a-jew.
- Weiner, Rebecca. n.d. “Judaism: Who is A Jew?” Jewish Virtual Library. https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/who-is-a-jew.
- Pew Research Center. 2013. “A Portrait of Jewish Americans, sidebar: who is a Jew.” Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2013/10/01/sidebar-who-is-a-jew.
10月15日 | 美國猶太人
- 作者註:此時巴西荷蘭殖民地已被葡萄牙接收,加上葡萄牙與西班牙王室聯姻,猶太人因為懼怕宗教裁判所的勢力,於是選擇逃離巴西。由於猶太人可以提升當地經濟,當時的荷蘭對猶太人是採取接納政策。
- Sheskin, Arnold, and Ira Dashefsky. 2020. “United States Jewish Population, 2019.” In The American Jewish Year Book, 2019, Volume 119, edited by Arnold Dashefsky Ira M. Sheskin, 135–231. Cham, Switzland: Springer.12-13. https://www.jewishdatabank.org/content/upload/bjdb/2019_US_Jewish_Population_(AJYB,Sheskin,Dashefsky)_DataBank_Final.pdf.
- Alper, Becka A., and Alan Cooperman. 2021. “Pew Research Center: Jewish American in 2020.” Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/05/11/jewish-identity-and-belief/.
10月16日 | 住棚節
- My Jewish Learning. n.d. “What happens in Synagogue on Sukkot.” My Jewish Learning. https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/synagogue-on-sukkot/.
- Goodman, Robert. 1990. Teaching Jewish Holidays: History, Values, and Activities. A. R. E. Publication. 67.
- My Jewish Learning. “What happens in Synagogue on Sukkot.” 42 43
- Schorsch, Ismar. 2000. “The Seventy Bulls of Sukkot.” Jewish Theological Seminary. https://www.jtsa.edu/torah/the-seventy-bulls-of-sukkot/.
10月19日 | 加拿大猶太人
- Brym, Robert. 2022. “What the 2021 Census Reveals about Canada’s Jewish Community.” The Canadian Jewish News. https://thecjn.ca/news/canada-jewish-census/.
- Posner, Menachem. n.d. “9 Facts About the Jews of Canada.” Chabad.org. https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/5397916/jewish/9-Facts-About-the-Jews-of-Canada.htm.
- 1791 年的加拿大法案將魁北克省分成兩部分,上加拿大與下加拿大。上加拿大指的是聖勞倫斯河的上游及五大湖地區;下加拿大指的是河的下游到出海口。 參考:https://www.canadahistoryproject.ca/1791/1791-06-upper-lower-canada.html.
- Schoenfeld, Stuart. n.d. “Jewish Canadians.”The Canadian Encyclopedia . https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/jewish-canadians.
- Cohen, Sharonne. 2006. “Canadian Jewry.” My Jewish Learning. https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/canadian-jewry/.
- Brym. “What the 2021 Census Reveals about Canada’s Jewish Community.”
- Cohen. “Canadian Jewry.”
10月21日 | 巴西猶太人
- Oreck, Alden and Mitchell Bard. n.d. “Brazil Virtual Jewish History Tour.” Jewish Virtual Library. https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/brazil-virtual-jewish-history-tour.
- World Jewish Congress. n.d. “Brazil.” World Jewish Congress. https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/about/communities/BR.
- Moraes, Marcus. 2016. “7 Things to Know about the Jews of Brazil.” St. Louis Jewish Light. https://stljewishlight.org/news/world-news/7-things-to-know-about-the-jews-of-brazil/.
- 作者註:第一批美國猶太移民是從該城市搭船前往荷屬新阿姆斯特丹,即今日的紐約市。
- US Department of State. n.d. “The JUST Act Report:Brazil.” US Department of State. https://www.state.gov/reports/just-act-report-to-congress/brazil/.
- Moraes. “7 Things to Know about the Jews of Brazil.”
10月22日 | 大和撒那日
- Zwebner, Dovi. n.d. “Hoshanah Rabba.” Sefaria. www.sefaria.org/sheets/16895?lang=bi.
- Board of Jewish Education. “Hoshanah Rabba explainedfor kids.” Board of Jewish Education. https://bje.org.au/knowledge-centre/explained-for-kids/jewish-year/hoshana-rabbah-explained-for-kids.
- My Jewish Learning. n.d. “What is Hoshanah Rabba?” My Jewish Learning. www.myjewishlearning.com/article/hoshanah-rabbah.
- Chabad.org. n.d. “Hoshanah Rabba.” Chabad.org. www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/757453/jewish/Hoshana-Rabbah.htm.
- The Rabbinical Assembly. 2003. “Supplement ForFestivals — Hoshana Rabbah.” The Rabbinical Assembly. 212-213. www.rabbinicalassembly.org/sites/default/files/public/jewish-law/holidays/sukkot/or-hadash-hoshanot.pdf.
10月23日 | 第八日嚴肅會、歡慶妥拉節
- Goodman, Robert. 1990. Teaching Jewish Holidays: History, Values, and Activities. A. R. E. Publication. 81.
- Chabad.org. n.d. “What Is Shemini Atzeret / SimchatTorah?” Chabad.org. https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/4464/jewish/What-Is-Shemini-Atzeret-Simchat-Torah.htm.
- Goodman. Teaching Jewish Holidays: History, Values, and Activities. 81.
10月24日 | 修殿節
- My Jewish Learning. n.d. “The History of Hanukkah.” My Jewish Learning. https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/hanukkah-history/.
- Krasne, Ellie. 2020. “Hanukkah, Made in the U.S.A.” The Heritage Foundation. https://www.heritage.org/religious-liberty/commentary/hanukkah-made-the-usa.
10月26日 | 普珥節
- My Jewish Learning. n.d. “Purim in the Community.” My Jewish Learning. https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/purim-in-the-community/.
- Chabad.org. n.d. “How to Celebrate Purim.” Chabad.org. https://www.chabad.org/holidays/purim/article_cdo/aid/1362/jewish/How-to-Celebrate-Purim.htm.
- Shurpin, Yedhuda. n.d. “The History and Meaning of Hamantaschen.” Chabad.org. https://www.chabad.org/holidays/purim/article_cdo/aid/2872815/jewish/The-History-and-Meaning-of-Hamantaschen.htm.
- Freeman, Tzvi. n.d. “Do I have to get drunk on Purim? Chabad.org. https://www.chabad.org/holidays/purim/article_cdo/aid/1146095/jewish/Drinking-on-Purim.htm.
- Zaklikowski, Dovid. n.d. “Why Wear Purim Costumes.” Chabad.org. https://www.chabad.org/holidays/purim/article_cdo/aid/1456808/jewish/Why-Wear-Purim-Costumes.htm.
10月28日 | 逾越節
- 作者註:以色列人被擄到巴比倫後,受其文化的影響,於是將猶太曆部分月分改為巴比倫曆名稱。參閱:尼二 1、斯三 7。
- Chabad.org. n.d. “Passover 2023 (Pesach).” https://www.chabad.org/holidays/passover/default_cdo/jewish/Passover-2023-Pesach.htm.
- My Jewish Learning. 2016. “How to Set the Seder Plate for Passover.” YouTube. https://youtu.be/r37_hNy9A1A.
- Seitz, Abby. n.d. “10 Passover Customs from Around the World.” My Jewish Learning. https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/10-passover-customs-from-around-the-world.
10月30日 | 五旬節
- 參閱:出三十四 22、利二十三 15-21、申十六 9-10。
- Rich, Tracey R. n.d. “Shavuot.” Jewfaq.org. https://www.jewfaq.org/shavot.
- Rich, Tracey R. n.d. “The Counting of the Omer.”Jewfaq.org. https://www.jewfaq.org/counting_the_omer.
- Rich. “The Counting of the Omer.”
- Rich. “Shavuot.”
- Altein, Boruch. n.d. “The Shtei Halechem (Two Breads).” Chabad.org. https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/2599670/jewish/The-Shtei-Halechem-Two-Breads.htm.
- Chabad.org. n.d. “What is Shavuot.” Chabad.org. https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/609663/jewish/What-Is-Shavuot-Shavuos.htm.